Topics Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class Assignment - 2

Themes Discussed in Class - My Participation in Class - Assignment Example I had no clue about that understanding the adjustment in patterns, monetary condition, political and lawful condition is essentially significant for promoting. In economies where the way of life differs, the advertisers need to concoct new and imaginative systems to expand request. The promoting systems are based on understanding the monetary condition of a general public which involve factors like socioeconomics, culture, political and lawful condition and the mechanical progressions to which the individuals have adjusted to. Globalization has expanded rivalry and the obstructions have been evacuated. This thus has gotten changes the institutional condition and has welcomed a huge impact on the advertisers and their procedures (Griffith, 2010). In this globalizing world the advertiser must make an endeavor to comprehend the laws and guideline of the economies they are taking part in business with. They should regard the way of life of the individuals with the goal that powerful adve rtising should be possible. Understanding the individuals must be the essential goal of the advertiser. The political condition and steadiness of an economy might be liable to change. This may change a couple of laws and guidelines of the economy. The security of the organization might be tried under these fluctuating conditions. I contemplated that the administration and the advertisers plan their procedures in agreement to the political soundness/shakiness in an economy. Sway, political hazard, charges and so forth are significant worries for the speculators and henceforth are additionally of critical significance to the advertisers while shaping methodologies (Shenkar, 2004). The political hazard in the economy, the climbs in charges expected assuming any and the ward are a piece of the financial situations. A financial society is overwhelmed by the accepted practices and societies which have been created by the inhabitants of the general public (Shenkar, 2004). This gave me info rmation on interrelation of the whole factor and their developing huge significance as the world is turning into a worldwide town. Hofstede proposed different speculations to imply the significance of culture. He additionally recognized certain qualities of the people of the general public. He contended that it is significant that the shifting society of the economies must be contemplated. Hofstede’s measurement of social relationship depends on five variables which are power separation, maverick, manly and female societies, vulnerability shirking and long haul direction. The investigation of this model gives an away from and order of culture. The understanding that was created by the advertisers was that culture is the greatest factor which decides the achievement or disappointment of the item. This model is identified with nature and time and the noteworthy effect of globalizing has expanded its utilization (De Mooij and Hofstede, 2002). While examining this idea I built up an understanding that Market division is the way toward gathering different clients into portions which have comparable requirements. The reactions of the people are likewise comparative in this portion. The reactions of the sections differ with the evolving circumstance. The division can be done based on Demographics, Psychographics, Geographical area and so on comparably focusing on is separating the market into different gatherings and classes. Situating is the way toward building up a picture of the item for the client (Viswanathan and Dickson,

Idioms and Expressions in English Using Work

Figures of speech and Expressions in English Using Work The accompanying figures of speech and articulations utilize the thing/action word work. Every maxim or articulation has a definition and two model sentences to help yourâ understanding of these regular colloquial articulations with work. English Idioms and Expressions It was nothing really Definition: not much, business as usual Dont stress over it. Its everything in a days work.Cooking is it was nothing really. All work and no play makes Jack a dull kid. Definition: Idiom implying that you have to have a fabulous time so as to be a cheerful, solid individual Return home! Keep in mind: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Im stressed over him. He hasnt yet comprehended that all work and no play makes jack a dull kid. Grimy work Definition: Necessary, however uninteresting, or troublesome work He accomplished the grimy work on that project.Have you got around to accomplishing the messy work yet? Get down to work Definition: Stop unwinding, center around significant errand Hello, lets get down to work here!Sorry, Ive got the opportunity to get off the telephone and get down to work. Get worked up over something Definition: become irate or irritated about something He got all worked up in the course of the last exam.Dont get worked up over the nursery. Sick deal with it tomorrow. Make short work of something Definition: accomplish something rapidly I made short work of the task and proceeded onward to the following job.Give it to John. Hellfire make short work of it. Work like a pony Definition: work a great deal, buckle down Janet works like a horse!Why dont you ask Tom. He works like a pony. Turn out to be a good thing Definition: in the long run finish well Dont stress over your issues. Everything will work out for the best.The separate turned out to be a good thing for the entire family. Work something off Definition: get in shape Im going rushing to work supper off.She went to the exercise center to work off a couple of pounds. Mess up the works Definition: cause an aggravation in something that appears to be clear and reasonable I prefer not to mess up the works, yet dont you figure we ought to ask Andy to help.Everything was set to go when Jack messed up the works!

nothing special

nothing special Everyone is up late this weekend studying for finals. Im immersing myself in math, but I think I now deserve a good nights rest. After all, its Sunday. :-) It will be fun to spend the summer at MIT. Summer housing is available to basically any continuing undergrad the cost is less than a normal semester read more at http://web.mit.edu/housing/undergrad/summer.html. Some folks choose to spend summers at fraternity or sorority houses, whether or not they actually are members, because the costs are often far lower than official MIT housing. If you already live in a dorm, chances are that you can move into your fall room assignment for the summer. At least thats how it works at East Campus. If you dont want to stay here for the summer, theres also something called early return, where you get to come back a couple weeks early in the fall for free, in exchange for helping out with dorm rush and move-in activities. More information at http://web.mit.edu/housing/undergrad/er.html. In other news, I am having my wisdom teeth taken out next month. :-(((( Sleeptime. (While weekends are nice, they can be somewhat irritating at times, because the machine of the working world stops. If youre waiting for a meeting to be scheduled or for some bureaucratic development, its like you have to wait for this two-day pause to relieve itself.)

Quotes From Alice in Wonderland

Here are some of the best conversations between Alice and other characters  in Alice in Wonderland. These quotes are humorous, yet enlightening, containing both satire and wisdom. Alice and The Caterpillar Caterpillar: Who are YOU? Alice: This was not an encouraging opening for a conversation. I -- I hardly know, sir, just at present -- at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then. The Duchess I quite agree with you. And the moral of that is: Be what you would seem to be, or if youd like it put more simply: Never imagine yourself not to be otherwise than what it might appear to others that what you were or might have been was not otherwise than what you had been would have appeared to them to be otherwise.   Alice and The Cheshire Cat Alice: But I dont want to go among mad people. The Cat: Oh, you cant help that. Were all mad here. Im mad. Youre mad. Alice: How do you know Im mad? The Cat: You must be. Or you wouldnt have come here. Alice: And how do you know that youre mad? The Cat: To begin with, a dogs not mad. You grant that? Alice: I suppose so, The Cat: Well, then, you see, a dog growls when its angry, and wags its tail when its pleased. Now I growl when Im pleased, and wag my tail when Im angry. Therefore Im mad. Alice and The Mad Hatter   Alice: Ive had nothing yet, so I cant take more. The Hatter: You mean you cant take less; its very easy to take more than nothing. Alice and The White Queen The White Queen: Can you do addition? Whats one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one? Alice: I dont know. I lost count.   Alice, The Gryphon, and The Mock Turtle Alice: And how many hours a day did you do lessons? The Mock Turtle: Ten hours the first day, nine the next, and so on. Alice: What a curious plan! The Gryphon: Thats the reason theyre called lessons, because they lessen from day to day.

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes meso-

The prefix (meso-) comes from the Greek mesos or middle. (Meso-) means middle, between,   intermediate, or moderate. In biology, it commonly used to indicate a middle tissue layer or body segment. Words Beginning With: (meso-) Mesoblast (meso-blast): The mesoblast is the middle germ layer of an early embryo. It contains cells that will develop into the mesoderm. Mesocardium (meso-cardium): This double layer membrane supports the embryonic heart. Mesocardium is a temporary structure that attaches the heart to the body wall and foregut. Mesocarp (meso-carp): The wall of fleshy fruit is known as pericarp and contains three layers. Mesocarp is the middle layer of the wall of ripened fruit. Endocarp is the inner most layer and exocarp is the outer most layer. Mesocephalic (meso-cephalic): This term refers to having a head size of medium proportions. Organisms with a mesocephalic head size range between 75 and 80 on the cephalic index. Mesocolon (meso-colon): The mesocolon is part of the membrane called the mesentery or middle bowel, that connects the colon to the abdominal wall. Mesoderm (meso-derm): Mesoderm is the middle germ layer of a developing embryo that forms connective tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood. It also forms urinary and genital organs including the kidneys and gonads. Mesofauna (meso-fauna): Mesofauna are small invertebrates that are intermediate-sized microbes. This includes mites, nematodes, and springtails ranging in size from 0.1 mm to 2 mm. Mesogastrium (meso-gastrium): The middle region of the abdomen is called the mesogastrium. This term also refers to the membrane that supports the embryonic stomach. Mesoglea (meso-glea): Mesoglea is the layer of gelatinous material located between outer and inner cell layers in some invertebrates including jellyfish, hydra, and sponges. This layer is also called mesohyl. Mesohyloma (meso-hyl-oma): Also known as mesothelioma, mesohyloma is an aggressive type of cancer originating from epithelium derived from the mesoderm. This form of cancer occurs commonly in the lining of the lungs and is associated with asbestos exposure. Mesolithic (meso-lithic): This term refers to the middle stone age period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras. The use of stone tools called microliths became prevalent among ancient cultures in the Mesolithic age. Mesomere (meso-mere): A mesomere is a blastomere (cell resulting from the cell division or cleavage process that occurs following fertilization) of medium size. Mesomorph (meso-morph): This term describes an individual with a muscular body build predominated by tissue derived from the mesoderm. These individuals gain muscle mass relatively quickly and have minimal body fat. Mesonephros (meso-nephros): The mesonephros is the middle portion of the embryoinc kidney in vertebrates. It develops into adult kidneys in fish and amphibians, but is transformed into reproductive structures in higher vertebrates. Mesophyll (meso-phyll): Mesophyll is the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, located between the upper and lower plant epidermis. Chloroplasts are located in the plant mesophyll layer. Mesophyte (meso-phyte): Mesophytes are plants living in habitats that provide a moderate supply of water. They are found in open fields, meadows, and shady areas that are not too dry or too wet. Mesopic (mes-opic): This term refers to having vision in moderate levels of light. Both rods and cones are active at the mesopic range of vision. Mesorrhine (meso-rrhine): A nose that is of moderate width is considered to be mesorrhine. Mesosome (meso-some): The anterior portion of the abdomen in arachnids, located between the cephalothorax and lower abdomen, is called the mesosome. Mesosphere (meso-sphere): The mesosphere is Earths atmospheric layer located between the stratosphere and thermosphere. Mesosternum (meso-sternum): The middle region of the sternum, or breastbone is called the mesosternum. The sternum connects the ribs forming the rib cage, which protects the organs of the chest. Mesothelium (meso-thelium): Mesothelium is epithelium (skin) that is derived from the mesoderm embryonic layer. It forms simple squamous epithelium. Mesothorax (meso-thorax): The middle segment of an insect located between the prothorax and metathorax is the mesothorax. Mesotrophic (meso-trophic): This term refers commonly to a body of water with moderated levels of nutrients and plants. This intermediate stage is between the oligotrophic and eutrophic stages. Mesozoa (meso-zoa): These free-living, worm-like parasites inhabit marine invertebrates such as flatworms, squid, and star fish. The name mesozoa means middle (meso) animal (zoon), as these creatures were once thought to be intermediates between protists and animals.

Health and Social Unit 1 P2 Level 2 Free Essays

Unit 1 p2 health and social Visual impairment A visual impairment is when a person’s sense of sight is completely gone and the change is irreversible. However this can also mean someone is partially sighted, where their sight may be blurred or only able to see out of one eye. A visual impairment can be caused by age illness or incident; it prevents the patient being able to recognise people by face, body and other visual elements. We will write a custom essay sample on Health and Social Unit 1 P2 Level 2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now To overcome tis barrier glasses may be worn in some partial sighted cases, and a form of written communication called braille may be used. Braille is created by making indentations in materials patterned to represent letters without actually outlining the shape of the letter. A variety of people may need to communicate with the partially sighted patients. Some examples of these are: * Health care assistants * Service users * Dentists * Opticians * Physiotherapist * Social worker * Relatives * Friends * Occupational therapist All of these individuals are challenged by te barrier and have to use certain aids and procedures in order to communicate with the patient efficiently and effectively. Some examples of these are: * Braille * Presentation/convocation with descriptive speech * Physical examples to feel English as a second language. A patient which has English as a second language or isn’t very fluent in the language can be hard to communicate with. This prevents communication with a patient unless aids are used. Some examples of these are: * Interpreter Translations * Visual aids * Hand, body and face expressions or movements These aids are used by the following: * Health care assistants * Service users (residents) * Dentist * Optician * Doctor * Physiotherapist * Social worker * Occupational therapist Friends and relatives would not be included in this category because they would more than likely speak the same language. For both barriers any issues, impairments etc. should be written down in a patients notes. Staff in the establishment should be trained in how to use the necessary aids. How to cite Health and Social Unit 1 P2 Level 2, Essay examples

Teaching grammar free essay sample

The question to teach or not to teach grammar has always been present for no clear answer could ever be provided; both sides, the advocates and opponents of teaching grammar, keep producing evidence to buttress their own views towards this issue. The former believe that grammar is an important component in language teaching, whereas the latter believe that language can be learnt holistically through the context without explicit instruction. What motivated me to address this question, whether grammar is important in second language teaching, is the claim of some ioneer linguists, Krashen for example mentioned in Ellis, 1985: 230, who maintain that learned knowledge can not convert into acquired knowledge and that consciousness raising of grammar is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for mastery of another language. I was taught English in a country where English is a foreign language and I was taught explicit grammar throughout all of my study stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching grammar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I can assert that the teaching of grammar could be of great support especially when interacted with communicative context even in later years. I can still retain rules that help me speak properly and accurately and I can claim by now that all the grammatical knowledge I learned in my study years has already converted into acquired knowledge. It is beyond doubt that ignoring such rules would be an obstacle in forming and uttering the simplest sentences in English. Native speakers of English, even when they have not studied grammar, can form accurate grammatical sentences because they unconsciously internalize grammar rules while they are growing up. There is a general consensus among learning theorists, educational psychologists, and teaching professionals that language is a rule-governed behaviour and it is a rule-bound system in both standard and non-standard varieties and in both spoken and written modes (Brindley, 1996: 224). Cook, 2001: 19 states that grammar is considered by many linguists the central area of language around which other areas such as pronunciation and vocabulary revolve.

A hero by any other name free essay sample

You are flying, fast as a bird, now faster, to reach your destination. Almost there, you push yourself to the limit and . . . boom! You rescued the city from a terrible tornado. Suddenly, you wake up from your dream and move back into the place called reality. Heroes don’t have superpowers but a hero is someone who is brave as Harriet Tubman, caring as George Washington, and someone who is dependable such as your friends and family. Bravery is a key element in heroes. When talking about heroes, bravery doesn’t mean defiance or to dare someone to do something but it means to possess courage and to face the challenge without knowing the result. In other words, you’re brave because you want to protect someone you really care about and would do anything do make sure that they don’t get hurt. Harriet Tubman cared a lot for her people and would do anything to bring justice for the poor treatment they were getting. We will write a custom essay sample on A hero by any other name or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So she escaped to the North and found that she was a stranger in a strange land. Feeling that why should she only get the taste of freedom, she brought back many families and friends through over 13 expeditions to Canada despite the fact that a huge reward had been attached to her name in newspapers for her capture. She was known by â€Å"Moses† on the Underground Railroad and â€Å"never lost a passenger.† That’s what bravery means. Pursuing this further, she helped other people first even if the task was dangerous. She led people from slavery to freedom. Next, caring means to protect people you love no matter what the consequence may be. It’s when you put others before yourself in order to make sure they are safe. Consequently, George Washington put his country before himself because as any good American, he loved his country very much. It felt wrong to him that his country was being ruled by another country so he fought for independence for his country with a determined will to do so. Many soldiers in his army quit and joined the Loyalists who were more successful at the beginning. This man full of integrity and determination proved the British wrong. He trained his soldiers fiercely and won. We wouldn’t be here if he had just said, â€Å"Oh. The river is freezing. I don’t feel like crossing the Delaware today but maybe tomorrow when the weather is not so chilly.† He was caring for his country and would do anything to protect it. Finally, dependence means you can rely on others. They are good role models for you to follow. You can depend on them for about anything. Your friends and family are very dependable because you can go to them for almost anything. You can go to your friends and tell them anything that you might be having trouble about at school. Furthermore, you can trust family members for stuff that might be confidential but you have to be confident enough to trust them first. Your friends and family are there to help you. You can rely on them for a lot of things. They will come to your aid whenever necessary. In conclusion, three characteristics that are embedded in a hero are bravery, caring, and dependence. Why is this important, you may ask? It’s important because not anyone can be a hero. Nevertheless, just because you’re a famous baseball star doesn’t make you a hero if you use your fame for useless things. You have to be a good person and have a good heart in order to do good things. Good person . . . blah, blah, blah. You’re probably heard this a million times before but you can’t be a good person just by being nice. You’ve got to take action! You have to do things as if you really mean it! On the other hand, if your brother is having problems in school and he wants to talk to you about it, don’t just ignore him! Listen to him and tell him what you would have done. Give him suggestions. Don’t just be like, â€Å"Yeah, whatever. Leave me alone. I’m on the phone!† Wow. You must be really caring then. At least he h ad the nerve and confidence to ask you in the first place and turning him down would really hit him hard. Bravery doesn’t mean that you aren’t afraid of anything. It just means that you’d risk your life for others and think about them first disregarding the obstacles. You have to be dependable when someone really needs you. Therefore, a hero doesn’t need all of these qualities to be perfect; even one good one would make them a good hero.

Why Women Are Receiving Less Education Than Men In Developing Countries †Sociology Essay

Why Women Are Receiving Less Education Than Men In Developing Countries – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers Why Women Are Receiving Less Education Than Men In Developing Countries Sociology Essay As a Chinese saying goes, â€Å"Women support half of the sky.† Female, as one of the only two sexes in nature plays a crucial role in balancing the structure of family and society as well as keeping human beings in path of its evolution. However, women suffer much from discrimination in almost all countries and regions throughout the world, especially in developing countries where traditional thoughts put women in a much inferior position to men, and it is one of the most important reasons to many social problems such as domestic violence, sexual harassment, wage inequality and gender gap in education. Among them, the gender gap in education has a profound meaning to economics growth of a developing country, and it is the problem that two of the eight Millennium Development Goals proposed by the United Nation (â€Å"Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education† and â€Å"Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women†) are trying to tackle. In the following essay, I would like to firstly introduce the current situation of girl education and the degree of disparity between the two sexes before looking for plausible reasons to the existence for such discrimination. After briefly explaining the importance of girl education I will then focus on a special case study on China in order to give an instinct understanding of the phenomenon. In general, the educational gender gap is the greatest in the poorest countries. The following table provides data on two of the key aspects to which the educational gender gap is determined. The Education Gender Gap: Female rates and percentage of male rates Country Adult Literacy Primary Enrollment Secondary Enrollment Tertiary Enrollment China 91 84 Chad 31 68 31 17 Indonesia 90 98 99 80 Kenya 90 100 98 53 Papua New Guinea 80 90 79 54 Tajikistan 100 95 84 34 Turkey 85 94 76 Yemen 41 71 46 28 Developing countries 84 Least developed countries 70 Source: United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 2005, index of gender inequality in education (table 27) Note: all figures are expressed in relation to the male average which is indexed to equal 100. Figure 1 The female literacy rate was recorded as 12% lower than male literacy in the 2002 (recorded in the 2004 report) while it was enlarged to 16% in 2003 (reported in 2005). The data for the least developed countries were fixed at the level of 70%. Although we can say nothing about the overall trend of the recent development of the gender gap in education, it is sure that the task to totally eliminate the gap is tough and requires significant amount of investment and effort. The developing countries in the table are selected from the Human development Index to represent different groups of economies in different stages of development. Obviously, countries where female literacy rate is much lower than male rate are the countries with lower levels in all categories of comparison. Besides, the ratio drops as the level of education increases in almost all countries in the table. Tajikistan, notably, has the most significant drop (-50%) in the ratio after secondary school education. The discrimination on women is firstly influenced by the traditional ideology. Our society has developed in such a way that it is men that carry their surname to their offspring; it is men that make major decisions in a family; it is men that perform important religious rites. Surname as one of the most important personal identity does not remain the same for women even in the most developed countries in the world. Although this might not correlate with the trend of the female-male enrolment ratio, it certainly implies the unconscious norm that men are the dominant power over women. In addition, in China, for instance, only male’s name is allowed to note in the family pedigree. A daughter or a wife is not qualified to be recorded in such a â€Å"holy document† in whatever cases. In terms of the one who makes major family decisions, women are found to be less involved in family decision making at all levels, and this is especially the case in developing countries. Many women in developing countries still hold the view that women are born to serve and support their husband at home and provide better environment for him to develop his career as well as raising the children. This will undoubtedly lead to unfair decisions made by the husband to benefit men more than women. During religious ceremonies, men always play the main role. As there has not been a female Pope, and the Buddha is also, again, although no religion openly discriminates women, female is unconsciously regarded as a less strong power. The second reason why girls are given less opportunities to receive formal education is women’s inferior economic status in society. Given an income constraint a family has to balance the amount invests to the children to receive education and generate extra income in the future and the amount left for the family members to survive for now. It is difficult when there is more than one child that is above the schooling age and the family income does not allow it to afford every child to school especially when income is extremely low, in which case, most families simply does not offer any education opportunities for the children. However, if there is some money left and can be invested in education for children, many families will choose to invest in boys first. Furthermore, Oakley (1972) pointed out that â€Å"on the whole, males command the majority of the jobs carrying high prestige, high skill and high income, and this is true throughout the industrial world.† She then listed the following figures: â€Å"Of all professional scientific and technical qualifications gained by full-time students in Great Britain in 1969, men took 77% and women 7%. †¦Of all managers of large establishments tabulated for Britain in 1966, 87% were men and 13% women: of all foremen and supervisors 82% were men and 18% women.† Income disparity exists because of the different participation rate of males and females in different levels of jobs, but it requires more thorough analysis to find the reasons behind the difference between a girl and a boy’s financial value to a family. In a developing country where industrialization is still in its early stage and agriculture sector is clearly the predominant sector, with technology lagged behind advanced economies, when the women in the family are pregnant, everyone wants a boy because apparently men are physically stronger than women. This is especially common in rural areas because a young boy can often do more job than a girl in the cultivation of crops. In addition, girls usually leave the family to the husband’s family which in some rural areas of some developing countries could be in a separate village after marriage. They will then be exclusively responsible for the husband, their future children and possibly the in-law’s family members . In other words, a girl will stop contribute financially (including the value generated by any mean of operation, agriculture or private business) to her family after she is married while having a boy will often guarantee a nearly life-long contribution. Even if we do not consider the problem of marriage, women still remains in disadvantageous position for the fact that when a woman does not work outside the home, much of her work performed, including housework and any contribution towards family business or agriculture is often unremunerated, while men, if working for the family usually as the owner of the family business collect all the income. Todaro (2006) hence concluded that â€Å"where women’s share of income within the home is relatively high, there is less discrimination against girls, and women are better able to meet their own needs†, including health care and education. Categories (2003) Index (1990 = 100) Female economic activity as % of male rate (aged 15 and above) Developing countries 102 67 OECD 107 72 High Income 107 74 Middle Income 102 73 Low Income 103 61 World 103 69 Source: United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 2005, index of gender inequality in economic activity (table 28) Female economic participation is relatively lower in less developed and lower income countries. In general, the less developed a country, the stronger the tendency that its female citizens follow a traditional career path. Figure 2 Last but not least, the environment in which children live unconsciously influences their mind on sexual division, which makes them temporize their behaviour and opinions for survival. The treatment towards boys and girls are obviously different. Boys in their early age are taught to be brave and strong. They are recommended ship models, water pistols, football as toys by the parents while girls are offered dolls. I even remember when I was in kindergarten the worst word I could imagine to describe a boy was â€Å"sissy†. Therefore, receiving information about the society, children will be accustomed to the environment and take it for granted when they grow up. This thus worsens the situation if discrimination on women is observed because the unconscious norm that women should be discriminated will pass on generations by generation and it can be in theory very difficult to erase the belief once it has been inherited for a very long period of time. As a result of such discrimination, the female-male ratio in developing countries with such traditional ideology will turn out to be very weird (the â€Å"missing women systery†). If everything else equal due to the higher mortality rate for male babies, although the natural birth rate female to male is around 100 to 105, the actual ratio after the first year of life will approximately equal to one. As life expectancy for women are longer, given the same health service, there will be about 105 to 106 women for every 100 men in an industrialized country. In Susan Hill Gross’s book â€Å"Wasted Resources, Diminished Lives†, she points out that in countries where sons are valued more than daughters, the female ratio is much lower, and daughters are subjected either to infanticide or are neglected to death by depriving them of food and medical care. She quoted a study in Bombay which found that â€Å"out of 8,000 abortions performed after amniocentesis, 7,999 were o f female fetuses†. As another example, the table below illustrates the change in the ratio of female number and male number in India in the past century. As the health condition and technology available to different groups in the same country is similar, the most important factor to such trend has to be people’s attitude to women in general. Trend of female/male ratio in India in 20th century 1901 1951 1991 97 94 93 Figures for every 100 male. Figure 3 Promoting girl education will certainly benefit society as well as economic development. It will lead to higher earning and labour force participation rate which is an important indicator of the level a country’s aggregate production; it will lead to later marriage and lower fertility rate because women with higher education are more likely to follow advanced reliable method of family planning; it will decrease the infant mortality rate since women will be better able to control their own nutrition level and obtain better health care, which will surly provide women a better health condition for pregnancy; it will create intergenerational multiplier effects on the quality of a country’s human resources because couples with formal education obtain extra knowledge from communication, which contributes to a life long learning, and a better educated mother understands the importance of formal education and will thus try her best to send her children to school and receive ade quate training, which will create a circulation of quality education for many generations to come; it will equip women with important knowledge to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS infection and hence prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. In order to understand the current gender gap in education and its influence on economic development better, a special case study on China perhaps can offer a more direct approach and unveil some more specified features. The reason why China is chosen is not only because the country is the one that the writer is most familiar with, but also because it represents a developing country on the one hand with outstanding economic performance in the past two decades and on the other hand still heavily influenced by its unique tradition which can be traced back thousands of years. Just after the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the female enrollment ratio was only about 15%, and it increased to 93.6% in 1986 when â€Å"the Law of Compulsory Education of People’s Republic of China† was promulgated. By 2004, although the female-male enrollment rate for primary education had been narrowed to approximately 0.04%, the situation for secondary and post-secondary education still remained problematic. Take Pingchang County in Sichuan Province as an example, the enrollment rate for first year secondary school is 94% overall and 82% for girls. The drop-out rate for the second year is 23% overall and 29% for girls, and the figures increased to 27% and 32.1% respectively in the third year. The Chinese government finds it very difficult to promote girl education after a certain level is reached because the tradition which typically discriminates girls in some rural areas are too strong that it requires the local government to invest significantly more in education than the estimated social return. In addition, as secondary education in China is free according to â€Å"the Law of Compulsory Education†, the drop-out rate basically represents the group of people who are reluctant to receive formal education. This is very special because the reasons behind the phenomenon are sometimes not purely financial matters. Many girls are required by the traditional family to get married early (some in rural areas are even reserved for marriage in their childhood.) so that they can make early contribution to the husband’s family. Others leave school because the Chinese education system which is often regarded as â€Å"exam-oriented† deviates far from the actual need of local economic development. However, more girls are found to stop schooling to work. Due to the inequality in economic development and rapid urbanization in China, in order to catch opportunities to earn some money (as even the jobs of the lowest level in urban areas often bring higher income compared wit h rural areas) many people, including girls who are discriminated in their home migrate out of the country side into cities. Moreover, even if the opinion that formal education for girls is beneficial is held by the public, it is still extremely difficult to eliminate the minority group. Putting into such a big country with huge population, even a very small fraction of minority seems to be significant. In conclusion, the current observed gender gap in education is generally caused by a combined effect of traditional ideology that men are the dominant power of the world and women’s inferior economic status. The inequality is consolidated generations by generations by children’s natural imitative learning habit. On the one hand, economic development is stimulated by promoting gender equality in education since population growth will be controlled and average national human capital will be increased improve. On the other hand, extra social welfare is created owing to women’s better overall understanding in maternal healthcare and child education. It is not only government’s responsibility to take measure on gender equality on education, but society should also start campaigns to promote the importance of girls education to every family. UNICEF (The United Nations Childrens Fund )(2004) suggested seven critical steps, as follow, to achieve the goal.’ Include girls’ education as an essential component of development efforts. Create a national ethos for girls’ education. Allow no school fees of any kind. Think outside and inside the ‘education box’. Establish schools as centres of community development. Integrate strategies. Increase international funding for education.’ References: Meier G M. and Rauch J E.(editors), Leading issues in economic development 8th ed.. New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2005. xvii, 650 p. : ill. ; 26 cm Todaro, M P.: Economic development /Michael P. Todaro, Stephen C. Smith. 9th ed.. Harlow : Pearson Addison Wesley, 2006. xxvii, 851 p. : maps ; 24 cm. Oakley, Ann.: Sex, gender and society /Ann Oakley. London : Temple Smith, in association wth New Society, 1972. 220 p. ( Towards a new society). Bradley, H.: Mens work, womens work :a sociological history of the sexual division of labour in employment /Harriet Bradley. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, c1989. 263 p. ( Feminist perspectives). Extracts from Susan Hill Gross, Wasted Resources, Diminished Lives loyno.edu/~wessing/docs/100mil.html Mesl M., Rural Women’s participation in Decision-making in Slovenia, ninth session of the working party on women and the family in rural development, European Commission on Agriculture (ECA) fao.org/UNFAO/Bodies/ECA/WPW/9WPWSVN.htm United Nation Development Programme, Human Development Report 2004 United Nation Development Programme, Human Development Report 2005 United Nation Development Programme Annual Report 2005 Girls’ Education: A World Bank Priority http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTEDUCATION /0,,contentMDK:20298916~menuPK:617572~pagePK: 148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:282386,00.html Primary Education – UNESCO (the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php- URL_ID=30870URL_DO=DO_TOPICURL_SECTION=201.html National Bureau of Statistics of China stats.gov.cn/ Focusing on the situation of Girl Education in China People’s Daily http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/1055/3834654.html Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China moe.edu.cn/edoas/website18/index.htm China Family Planning Association chinafpa.org.cn Research Papers on Why Women Are Receiving Less Education Than Men In Developing Countries - Sociology EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export Quotas19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyPETSTEL analysis of IndiaStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseBringing Democracy to Africa

Management of Knowledge & Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management of Knowledge & Information - Essay Example The main problem of these hotels is the inability to attract more customers. The priority club rewards system resolves these problems by providing the customers with reward points every time they stay in these hotels. These reward points are given to the members of the priority club. The customers can avail the membership and can make use of these points to purchase, travel or stay in these hotels. The benefits of the priority club reward system helps the hotels to earn more profit and increase their revenue. The customers are also benefited as they get to redeem their points in any of the offered methods. Introduction An information system generally manages information pertaining to the organization in which it is installed. This ensures that the employees and customers are always intimated regarding the operations in the organization. Implementing an information system requires certain predefined tasks that determine the requirements of the organization. The information system must be implemented in such a way that it incorporates the requirements of the concerned organization. The system must be designed and developed according to the company’s nature and type. ... The information provided to the user must convey the intended information in an effective manner. This will enable the user to understand the rewards system in a better way. This in turn will increase the revenue of the IHGs and the associated hotels. The rewards system includes components which are easy to understand and implement. Since information system aims at satisfying the user, the rewards system is composed of modules and operations that ease the process of this programme. The services provided to the customers include reward point information, information pertaining to the hotels, updating points each time the customer makes use of any service and providing membership options. Each of these services is designed to suit the requirements of the customer. These services are beneficial to the customer as well as to the hotel groups. Though this framework seems to be simple and satisfying, it lacks certain basic features. The information system must be accessible by the user so that he can get the information about every hotel and its services. This will also enable him to get an idea about the priority rewards system. The membership details must be made available to the customer and this will make the selection of membership an easier task. If the services provided by this system are revived, the user will get more benefited. This in turn will increase the numbers of customers. Priority Club Rewards System Priority Club Rewards system is the information system used by the Intercontinental Hotels Group. It is a hotel loyalty programme which enables the customers to experience world class facilities and enjoy the benefits of club rewards. The aim of this programme is to provide the customers

CURRENT EVENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CURRENT EVENT - Essay Example Certain theorists have even stated that individuals even remain poor as they give up and submit to the culture experienced by the poor class. Individuals who become a part of this culture feel that they cannot change their economic scenario. They give up on the idea of competing and they feel that they are inferior to others and do not have the power to change things around. Sociologists are basically conducting a stereotypical behavior when they suggest that an individual remains poor due to his own activities. This is because not everyone in the poor class gives up or are not future oriented, those who get the option and chance try their best to turn their current economic conditions. The real reasons due to which an individual’s faces poverty are limited access to education and highly paid jobs. Several theorists even believe that individuals prefer not working at all in jobs that demand high amount of time and costs and they rather live on aid given to them by the governme nt, due to this the government’s aid has been questioned constantly. ... Scientific and psychological studies have even proved that poverty leads to major consequences such as elevated amount of stress, issues with family and work life and improper decision making. The bible pays emphasis to poverty and poor people, the bible has ordered Christians to help those people who are in need and this help is to be provided to them by those who are in better positions. Thus, it is the job of the wealthy to help the poor class; this will help in decreasing the difference between the economic conditions of the poor and the rich. According to conflict theorists, there is lot of wealth in current society and in these societies no individual should live without being able to acquire their basic necessities. They even stated that there is existence of poverty in the society just because those in power have the desire for poverty to exist (Zastrow, 1990, p508). They even believe that the poor people who are working are being paid very low salaries and wages just for the reason of ensuring that their employers remain wealthy at the expanse of poor working class. They even believe that people are unemployed because those who have the authority do not want these people to gain employment and that is why they keep standing against programs that can reduce the rate of unemployment. These programs include training sessions and education, these programs are rejected by the powerful because the powerful do not have the intention of giving away money as taxes and want to save that money even. Wealthy individuals fall in the category of people who are individualistic and they believe that individuals face poverty due to their own lack of efforts rather than the situations that are not in the control of these individuals. Wealthy individuals

Well known organization

Well known organization Introduction HSBC is well known Organization in banking sector. It is a largest banking and financial organization in the world. HSBC is an international company which has around 8500 offices in 86 countries and territories. It is an international bank, which is spread all over the world. It has a lot of branch in the London. HSBC has recently full grown through a further achievement. The HSBC banking group has become the biggest bank in the UK. Approximately half of all people in the UK now bank with HSBC banking group. The group has the largest branch network of any UK bank. The achievement also means that the new group has a broader range of expertise with multiple varieties under its banner. It is a more multicultural business, with stronger market attendance in areas such as mortgages, insurance, finance and investment. HSBC is using variety of advance technologies to make an international network, including a rapidly growing e-commerce capability; HSBC provides a comprehensive commercial range of financial services corporate service, personal services, private banking and other activities. They offer many other services including Braille, large print statement and sign language interpretations. HSBC working since 145 years, they are providing Internet banking, disabled customer account, mortgage, house loan etc. It is totally financial company but the company is providing insurance service as well. History of HSBC HSBC was established in 1865, as a small concept and idea; a local bank to serving local needs. It was based in Hongkong?s territory when it was born but at the current period of time HSBC welcomes customers from all over the world. It has centuries of banking experiences in china. Their experience has created its core strengths of resilience, flexibility and capability for improvement. A peek at its history explains why it believes in capital strength, strict cost control and in building long-term relationships with customers. HSBC has weathered change in all forms ? insurgency, economic crises, new technologies ? and has adapted to survive .Growth has come organically and through strategic achievement, and these purchases have brought their own strengths and cultures to the Group. The resulting corporate character of HSBC enables it to meet the challenges of the financial world of today and tomorrow .This brief history introduces the major events, decisions and personalities that h ave made HSBC what it is today. Even though it was at the centre of the sub prime hurricane, the wider group has weathered the economic crisis better than other global banks. According to Bromberg HSBC is one of world?s strongest banks by some measures. When HM treasury required all UK banks to increase their capital in October 2007, the group transferred ?750 million to London within hours, and announced that it had just lent ?4 billion to other UK banks. In March 2009, it announced that it had made US$9.3 billion of profit in 2008 and announced a ?12.5 billion (US$17.7 billion) rights issue to enable it to buy other banks that were struggling to survive. However, uncertainty over the rights issues implications for institutional investors caused volatility in the HongKong stock market on 9 march 2009 share of HSBC price fell 24.14%, with 12 million shares sold in the last few seconds of trading. SWOT Analysis Strengths HSBC, as a successful international financial company, provides advices and suggestion to other companies regarding international business. It has branches all over the world has got client from different environment and cultural but never beaten n this area.. HSBC knows how to follow structural and effective growth. It was mostly an Asian bank until it took over a UK bank in 1992 and now has become the worlds second-largest bank by profit. HSBC has different idea and concept about how to get more return from investments. HSBC provides qualitative services in an easier ways than other banking and financial sectors. If you open your account with HSBC you will receive every thing within few working days e,g; debit card and cheque book etc. HSBC is primarily listed on the London and HongKong stock exchanges, which saves the company much sorrow in to agree with new American Sarbanes-Oxley laws. To talk about current economic recession, it was at the higher position than recession while many banks and financial companies collapsed. Weaknesses While it is definitely a global company, HSBC came late to the game on deciding to perform an included marketing strategy and profit from on its international brand. Because it had set up so many different banks in different countries at different times over a hundred year period, it set them up under different names HongKong Bank of Canada, British Bank of the Middle East, HSBC Banco Roberts. Not even all of these Banks, prior to 1998, carried the HSBC logo. In 1998, they were all branded together, but the previous lack of branding and the name changes may have hurt HSBC in brand recognition. Customers may have thought that HSBC was taking over their local bank and not realized that HSBC had already been serving them for decades. In any case, the re-branding was an overdue move that should have occurred before 1998. The main weaknesses i found by research in this case study that its bad debts is increasing every year, which can be loophole for its better progress and success. As is frequently the case, proof profits can only last so long. Opportunities Other banks are running frightened of this region. However, HSBC has run its regional business locally and been rewarded for its attempt with abundant awards and tribute for the Middle East market. HSBC is a reliable name there, and the company has engaged advantage of Iraqs new democracy by creating an attendance in the country. HSBC is the biggest international bank in the Middle East. In totalling to the growing Chinese middle class, Brazilians and Indians are opening to appear as growing consumers, and therefore growing consumer spenders. Some denizens of these countries previously did not even own a bank account, but companies like HSBC are prepared to move in and take advantage of the growing middle class in these areas. In places like Argentina and Turkey, HSBC experienced pre-tax profits of 50% last year. This is where it is growing the most. By investing in these countries, HSBC can counterbalance problems it may have as spending in the US and UK declines. Threats As interest rates grow and the housing explosion ends, Americans are fore cast to rely less on consumer credit and more on their saving expertise to get by. The plunge in American spending will be bad for the global economy as a whole, and HSBC will positively be pretentious. In 2005, HSBC pre-tax profits rose 5% to $10.64bn (?6bn) for the first six months of the year, largely on grow in consumer finance for growing consumer spending. At that moment they increase the interest rates that are why company faces lot of problem. Last year, British employees held a strike involving 1,500 workers at HSBC branches in London. At its annual meeting, striking workers stand outside, handing out bags of nuts and saying that they are paid ?Peanuts? while HSBC experiences record profits. Strikes such as this, above all in union-conscious Europe, are bad for image reasons and HSBC needs to take action to ensure that its workers are happy just as its customers are. With a trillion dollars in managed assets, taking over HSBC is a crackers dream. HSBC has to remain on the front lines of safety and look after its customers, at the same time supportive them that online banking is safe. In August 2006, HSBC was accused, although it?s claimed airtight security; of having left its online customers open to a safety anomaly for two years without fixing. Researchers at Cambridge University claimed that any HSBC account could be broken into within nine attempts. Last year, HSBC Company?s Chief Executive Officer published our HSBC Company got thousand of email viruses. At that moment HSBC Company spent lot of money to stop these from causing systemized damage. As most banking is done on computers, even one virus could cripple HSBC. PESTEL Analysis Political HSBC is operating across different geopolitical landscape. It has its presence on every continent of the world with countries having varying political ideology. Economical Recently, HSBC had survived without any government aid, -the worst financial crisis since the great depression in 1929. Social HSBC operates in a highly diversified cultural environment due to its global banking presence. It highlights in its advertisement about the ?THE USE OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE? and ?THE WORLDS LOCAL BANK? as a way to connect to all its Target Market. Technological HSBC had intensified its campaign to encourage its customers to use the online banking facilities. It has also made its branches have cash counting and pay bills kiosk or machines which greatly improve its operational efficiency. Environmental As a major global bank, HSBC is also at the epicentre of the carbon footprint reduction commitment because of it global and large scale operation. Legal The move by G8 spearheaded by the UK and United States Government to put a limit on the Banker?s bonus will cause significant negative effects on its ability to attract and retain highly skilled and talented workforce especially on its investment banking group. Marketing strategy of HSBC Brand: Make HSBC and its hexagon symbol one of the worlds leading brands for customer experience and corporate social responsibility. Personal Financial Services: Drive growth in key markets and through appropriate channels to make HSBC the strongest global player in personal financial services. Consumer Finance: Expand to arrive of this business to existing customers through a wider product range and to get into new markets. Commercial Banking: Make the most of HSBC international customer base through effective relationship management and improved product offerings in all the Groups markets. Corporate, Investment Banking and Markets: To hasten to progress or incidence of growth by enhancing capital markets and advisory capabilities straight focused on client service in defined sectors where HSBC has critical relevance and strength. Private Banking: Serve the Groups highest value personal clients around the world. People: Attract, develop and motivate HSBC people, rewarding success and rejecting poorness. TSR: fulfil HSBC TSR target by achieving strong aggressive performances in earnings per share growth and efficiency. HSBC target at anyhow they want to increase our per share growth. Conclusion: HSBC has 140 years experience of china. It has 8500 offices in 86 Countries and Territories. HSBC, as a major bank, provides a wide range of services to support new businesses from initial idea to running the business. When it was born it has a small idea to serving local needs. Nowadays it welcome to all over the world customers. It has been using a huge technology to connect international market. It has a good strategy to make sufficient money. It provides the faster services than other financial organizations. HSBC know how to succeed in MA organic and effective growth. It is definitely global company; it has a so many competitors. In my view HSBC?s market segmentation and market penetration is good part of the organization. I recommended HSBC what they are doing; keep continuing but customers needs and desires are dynamic. HSBC has to try to fulfil the customer?s needs. BARCLAYS, NATEWEST, HALIFAX are main competitor of HSBC. They are also serving the same kind of service and using same kind of marketing strategies. If HSBC does not attention about these competitors it should bear huge loss in future. HSBC has won the customers faith so I recommended keeping it up. Watch the global market competitors and try to provider better service than other organization. References: P. Kotler, marketing management Analysis, planning, implementation and control, 7th edn, prentice-hall, Englewood cliffs, NJ, 1991, p.129.s F.A. Russ and C.A Kirkpatrick, marketing, Little, Brown C., Boston, MA 1982, p.24. C.R Darwin, on the origin of the species, 1859. M.E porter, Competitive strategy, free press, New York 1980. http://www.hsbc.co.uk F. Buttle, Relationship Marketing: Theory and practice, Paul Chapman, London 1996, p.13. http://www.wikipedia.history.//hsbc.co.uk.

Life of Paul Cuffee Essay

More than for 500 years, people of African origin have shaped the course of not only American but the history of the whole world. We are proud of many African-Americans that had put so much hard work to make our society as good and developed as it is nowadays. There are lots of Blacks, who are very famous for their deeds and deserve to be remembered as honorable society members, such as Phyllis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Jacobs and others . The main objective of this paper will be the analyses of life and work of Paul Cuffee. Paul Cuffee was born on the 17th of January on Chuttyhunk Island in Southeastern Massachusetts, as a free child and a son of an African father and Native American mother. His father, named Kofi, was a member of the West-African tribe known as Ashanti tribe in Ghana. He was captured there and brought to America when he was ten. He was made a slave of Ebenezer Slocum, a Quaker of Dartmouth, Massachusetts, but the skills of good carpenter helped Kofi (Cuffe) to buy his freedom. He even managed to educate himself and later married to Ruth Moses, who was a Wampanoag Indian from Massachusetts. The Native Americans were not enslaved, so their children were born free. Paul did not want to take the name of his father’s possessor and chose his father’s name, which was Cuffe (or Cuffee). His family also owned a 116-acre farm in Westport, which was very rare at that time as most of the other African people were enslaved. The family was large and counted ten children: six daughters and four sons (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). After the death of his father, Paul Cuffee, at the age of 16 and with the knowledge only of an alphabet, already had many ambitious dreams such as getting an education and having a career in shipping industry. The boy always showed a kinship to navigation, boatbuilding and trade. When he was a teenager he constructed small boats. This hobby ended in trading among the islands of Massachusetts (â€Å"Paul Cuffee (1759-1817)†, 2013). He started to do the job of an ordinary seaman on fishing and whaling boats – this was in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He was caught and held as a prisoner by British soldiers for three month during the Revolutionary War, but once he was released, he managed to start minor coastal trading. Paul bought some ships together with his sister’s husband Michael Wainer, who was a Native American. Because of his partner was afraid to sail big sea distances, in 1779 Cuffee tried to deliver the cargo to Nantucket alone, but he was waylaid by pirates. He continued to ship aboard a whaler owned by the Quaker merchants, prominent Rotch family and whalers of New Bedford. Despite the fact that pirates were very active those days and have attached the local sailors a lot, Paul’s business was prospering (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Cuffe’s business started to grow and he had enough money to built bigger vessels and successfully traded north to Labrador and south to Virginia (â€Å"Petition for Relief from Taxation†, 2013). Paul gathered rather big capital that helped him to expand his ownership and to get a fleet of ships. He commissioned the closed-deck boat, which could ship around 14-15 ton known as Box Iron. Just after that, another achievement that followed was a18-20 ton schooner. In the 1780s Paul already owned schooner Sun Fish and schooner Mary, which in total could transport cargo of approximately 65 tons. In 1796, just right after the mentioned schooners Sunfish and Mary were sold, Cuffee’s shipyard in Westport launched a 69-ton schooner known as Ranger. Eventually he could afford to buy a large farmstead and in 1799 he bought property in Westport for $3,500. Later he bought a half of the 162-ton barque Hero. Paul was so wealthy, that he maybe was one of the richest man among all Native American and African American of the in the United States of the 19th century (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Just a couple of weeks before the Revolution ended, Paul married Alice Pequit, who was also Wampanoag Indian, the same as Cuffee’s mother. This marriage brought seven children to Cuffe’s family: David, Sarah, Jonathan, Mary,John, Phebe, Ruth, Lydia, Freelove and Paul. On the 17th of January the youngest son was born. The child was biracial, but born free, as the two parents were not enslaved (Cordeiro, 2004). The Roch family and other successful merchants have inspired Paul to build his own empire, which was very successful. The crews that he employed were mainly African American and  Native American people. Eventually his ships were on both sides of the Atlantic. He opened an outlet in New Bedford, where he sold the goods that he imported (â€Å"Paul Cuffee (1759-1817)†, 2013). Being a businessman with an African American and Native American crews, Paul managed to earn the respect of many white Americans through the relationships in the Quaker faith. When Cuffee was twenty-one he refused to pay taxes. This protest was done along with his brother and lasted from 1778 till 1780. The main motivation for that was that free black Americans did not have the right to vote, but according to the governmental laws of that time, African Americans were taxed. He even petitioned the council of Bristol County in 1780, Massachusetts to put such taxation to an end. Despite the denial, later his petition was one of key factors that led to granting voting rights to all free male citizens by Legislature in 1783 (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Cuffee built a schoolhouse for African American children on his own property. He spent his money on that and it took him a couple of months to finish. After the school was built, Paul hired a knowledgeable teacher and opened the institution to the Westport residents. It was for kids, who were denied to visit other public schools. He implemented his own policy to the school’s administration, according to which children of all races were allowed to attend the studies, so the school was multiracial. This was just a beginning of a future fight against unfair treatment of the US and other governments towards the black people (Cordeiro, 2004). The majority of Anglo-Americans and English origin people considered African as lower race in comparison to Europeans, even in principally Calvinist and Quaker New England. Unfortunately the slavery continued, but some decent men like James Madison and Presidents Thomas Jefferson thought that colonies emigration of Blacks outside the US was the best and the easiest way to the fight the race problem in America (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Cuffee was involved not only in local activities. He played a crucial part in national and international events related Blacks in that time. Because of his successful business, Cuffee had contact all over the Atlantic seaboard, which connected the three important continents: Europe, North American and Africa (Cordeiro, 2004). Americans and Europeans put many efforts in all the parts of the world to colonize Black, but they were all unsuccessful. One of such attempts was related to Sierra Leone colonization. The Sierra Leone Company  was a main sponsor of 400 people departure from Great Britain to Western African colony. The colony was rebelling and wanted to create a working and competitive economy and a government, which would be strong enough to resist the outside pressure. Eventually the Sierra Leone Company collapsed and another institution known as African Institution was offering migration to the released slaves, which have settled in London and Nova Scotia after the American Revolution. The institution’s sponsors were hoping to get some economical benefit by fostering the educated trades of Blacks (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Despite the fact that it was very difficult to colonize Sierra Leone, Cuffee really believed that it was a vital option and supported the movement. At the beginning of the nineteenth century Paul started to cooperate with the mentioned African Institution, which was based in London (Cordeiro, 2004). In U.S. the organization was very active in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. This all started in March 1807, when members of the institution encouraged him to help them. The main objective was to promote the immigration to Sierra Leone, a colony of Britain in West Africa. Cuffee was among those who recruited African Americans so they can settle there; he transported a big amount of families and explored the local economy trying to find ways of its improving. This was all mainly done for his own funds (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biog raphy†). Paul Cuffee wrote in his letters, that he really felt like going to Sierra Leone, he wanted to see the situation in the country. He believed that the inhabitants of that colony were talented people, which, as well as he did, deserved to feel the true light of Christianity and be benefited thereby (â€Å"Captain Paul Cuffe’s Logs and Letters†). Paul obtained a bill, given by the Committee of the Whole from the Senate and the President of the United States, which gave him a right to leave US with the cargo and come back with a cargo from Sierra Leone. He was nominated by government and had all the privilege to be treated properly (â€Å"History of Congress†). Cuffee studied all the logistics and the possible outcome, when finally on December in 1810 he left U.S. for his first voyage to Sierra Leone. He managed to get to the colony on the 1st of March in 1811. He was travelling all over the place to explore the local habits and economy in order to find the possibilities to development. He met the officials there, but they were against of the colonization idea, as they were afraid of American merchants, because this could create a lot of  unfair competition. Moreover, the cargo, which Cuffee intended to trade off, did not sell well as the tariff charges implemented by British trading system were too high. Eventually this did not stop Cuffee and on the 7th of April 1811 he made an appointment with key Black entrepreneurs. An outcome was that a special petition for the African Institution was written, which stated that people in the colony wanted to work in merchanting, whaling industry and agriculture. This indicated that those three areas were the main objective of the future growth and development of the colony. Cuffee together with the black businessmen set the Friendly Society foundation in Sierra Leone. Its main aim was to ensure further prosperity and industry development among all free peoples. Another area to work on was related to breaking the strong merchants trade established there by British. Cuffee decided to go to UK in order to make sure that colony will get further aid. He arrived to Liverpool in July 1811. There he met the officials of the African Institution in London, who collected some funds for the Friendly Society. He also obtained further required governmental license and permissions to continue his delegation in Sierra Leone. Paul was happy to come back to the West African colony where he shared the ideas of the Friendly Society with the local merchants. Together they elaborated plans for Sierra Leone to grow by building a saw mill, grist mill, salt works and rice-processing factory. Later Cuffee was involved with similar venture, which was backed by Americans and let to creation of the American Colonization Society and colony in Liberia (Cordeiro, 2004). During that period of history the relations between the Great Britain and United States were strained, which led to embargo establishment on British goods in 1811. This had somehow a negative outcome on Cuffee’s voyage, as when in April 1812 he reached Newport on his ship, it was usurped by U.S. customs officers along with all its cargo. This case was not being resolved locally, so Paul Cuffee left to Washington, D.C. to file an official appeal to his case. In the White House he met with the President James Madison and Albert Gallatin, who was a Secretary of the Treasury in that time. Cuffee was warmly welcomed and treated there. Madison was on his side and later ordered to release the goods, based on the information that Cuffee did not know about the political disagreements and did not deliver the goods with the intention to violate any laws. Cuffee shared his observations and experience, which he gained  during his trip to Sierra Leone. First the President seemed to be very interested in further expansion of the colony in Africa, but eventually he refuses to participate in Cuffee’s further investigations, as he saw this mission not possible because of too many problems and obstacles that U.S. will be facing during further attempts of Sierra Leone colonization. This was all related to the fact that it was initially fully British project. Still Cuffee obtained a legal permission to become an official authority on Africa in the United States. Cuffee had clear intentions to visit Great Britain’s colony of Sierra Leone on a regular basis, but his plans were interrupted because of the sudden War of 1812, which started in June and was a war between the British Empire and the United States. This prevented Paul from visiting the colony for a while. Despite the fact that Cuffee was opposed the war because of his Christian beliefs, he was really against any interruptions that could have been caused by war and resulted as an impact on trading and goods delivery from Sierra Leone. The war continued, so Cuffee took a change to convince U.S and Great Britain to ease restrictions on trading. Unfortunately this was unsuccessful and he waited until the war ended in 1815 (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Meanwhile, Paul remained an active political life and paid a couple of visits to Philadelphia, Baltimore and New York, where he spoke to groups of free African Americans about the colony. He encouraged Blacks to create organizations within their cities, to talk to each other and to have a correspondence with the Friendly Society at Sierra Leone and the African Institution. A special pamphlet with the ideas of Paul Cuffee related to Sierra Leone was printed at that time and distributed to general public. He rebuilt the Westport Friends’ Meeting House in summer of 1813, which was a meeting house for the multi-racial members of the Society of Friend, where Cuffee spoke and preached regularly on a Sunday meetings. Most of the money for that was coming from Cuffee’s personal funds. It is important to mention that war impacted Cuffee’s business and during that year he facial financial crisis. He has a number of unprofitable ventures related to ships. One vessel was considered unseaworthy and has never returned from Chile. Luckily the war ended and the Treaty of Ghent was signed at the end of 1814. After some time taken to recover, Paul was prepared to go back to Sierra Leone (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). The first ship with thirty-eight Blacks shipped from Westport  on December 10, 1815. Among the passengers were 18 adults and 20 children (Cordeiro, 2004). The price of organization of that expedition was $5000. Eighty percents of those expenses were covere d by Cuffee. The rest was paid by passengers and with the help of donation by William Rotch from Massachusetts. The colonist arrived to the colony with their own belongings such as hoes, axes, wagon and a plow, but they were not treated as well as it was expected by Cuffee. This was related to the fact that Governor was facing difficulties in keeping the existing population in order, which could have even worsen the situation if more emigrant have arrived. Moreover, the act known as the Militia Act was imposed upon the colony and obliges males to swear of loyalty to the Crown. People had concerns, because it could have been an obligation to go to military service. Despite the negative outcome related to economical benefits and sales, the positive was the fact that colonist have finally settles in Freetown. Cuffee spent lots of money by supporting the new inhabitants with money for the first year’s provisions. It was planned initially that Cuffee will be reimbursed by the African Institution, but due to heavy tariff duties there was a big deficit in the budget. Actually Paul was never given money by the African Institution in Britain. After coming back to USA in 1816, Cuffee searched for financial support from New York’ division of the American Institution and has eventually obtained $439.62 for further investments into Sierra Leone’s colonists (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Soon in1816, Cuffee proposed a newly-designed emigration plan for African Americans, which was related not only to Sierra Leone but also possibly to Haiti. Provide funds. Congress did not approve the petition to provide funds for that. People all over U.S. have started to show more and more interest in immigration to Africa, believing that it would help to solve the racial problems. Cuffee was trying to find support from other institutions, but some of them were not honest, such as American Colonization Society (ACS) , which was alarmed as a racist organization. The ideas were supported by many other Americans, but later they turned in favor of emigration to Haiti, where the immigrants were welcomed and supported by the President Boyer Since 1817 Cuffee was not feeling himself well and has never visited Africa again. He died in September of that year surrounded by his family and friends. Cuffee was buried at the Quaker Meeting House near Westport (Cordeiro, 2004). To  conclude, it should be mentioned that Cuffee was and is considered one of the greatest persons in African-American history. He was a first African-American who had a success in implementation of ideas of Blacks. He fought the existing racism of that time with the help of tolerant and Christian methods. Not only he opposed himself, but he also managed to dwell public attention to the current situation with Blacks, which helped people a lot. He was a successful businessman, who could have had just a happy and calm life, but spent his time and effort to explore Sierra Leone, donated his own money to make the life of immigrants there as good as possible and helped in many other ways to people. I think this person is worth to be admired and remembered thought all future generations of the world. References A Paul Cuffe Biography. (n.d.) SlideShare, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/rbgstreetscholar1/a-paul-cuffe-biography Paul Cuffee (1759-1817). (2013). Paul Cuffee School. Retrieved from http://www.paulcuffee.org/about/mission-history/paul-cuffee/ Petition for Relief from Taxation. (2013). Abstract. Pearson Education. Retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/t/hist/cuffe-taxation-petition/ Cordeiro, B.N. (2004). Paul Cuffe: A Study of His Life and the Status of His Legacy in Old Dartmouth. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Boston. Retrieved from http://paulcuffe.home.comcast.net/~paulcuffe/Paul_Cuffe_Thesis_by_Brock_Cordeiro.pdf Captain Paul Cuffe’s Logs and Letters. (n.d.). Estimed froends John James and Alexander Wilson. Westport 6 mo 10th 1809. Paul Cuffee. Retrieved from http://atlanticslaverydebate.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/shared/ASD/Module2/InitialCrrspdnceCuffe1809.pdf History of Congress. (n.d.). A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Co ngressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875. The Library of Congress. Retrieved from http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=027/llac027.db&recNum=221

Critique: Effects of Class Size and Instruction on Kindergarten Achievement Essay

Introduction This article discusses some very important points that will affect many children as they begin the first steps of their education. It is fairly clear that the authors have done quite a bit of research on the effects of the classroom size and the achievement of kindergarten students. Both authors are affiliated with the same school, the University of Wisconsin-Madison. In reviewing the article, the authors point out some important details pertaining to the quality of the teacher as well as their method of teaching in an effort to keep in line with the NCLB Act(No Child Left  Behind Act). The main aim of the authors is to prove that the size of the class may affect a student’s academic progress because there have been mixed findings in the past as to the validity of this issue. Literature Review One of the main sources used by the authors in their review of literature was an experiment done by students in Tennessee in the 1980’s called STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio). â€Å"Researchers have referred to STAR as: â€Å"one of the great experiments in education in U. S. history (Mostellar, Light, & Sachs, 1996). † The variables are mainly the  Kindergarten class size and the teacher’s instruction methods which are well defined throughout the article. Statement of Problem This research study was conducted to determine whether teacher quality is more important than class size for achievement. The hypothesis is explicitly stated in this article and gave sufficient understanding of the specific variables that were to be studied in the article. An example of the hypothesis would be â€Å"teachers may teach differently in larger and smaller classes, Experimental Design 3 some instructional practices may be more effective than others in a smaller class, students may  behave differently in larger and smaller classes†. (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 291-293) The authors have made a very convincing argument concerning the stated hypothesis because they used reading and math data collected from children’s classroom experience, classroom size and their teacher’s instructional methods to come up with their definitive conclusion. Methodology The kindergarten class size was measured from a sample of 21,260 children that were enrolled in approximately 1,000 kindergarten programs. It also consisted of children from various racial and ethnic backgrounds as well as socio-economic backgrounds. Some of the children studied were from private kindergartens and others were from public school kindergartens (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 293-294). Data was collected twice throughout the year, during the spring and the fall. Most of the authors mentioned used data that was supplied at the beginning and at the end of the student’s kindergarten year. The parents were asked questions concerning their socio-economic background. In determining the student’s cognitive achievement, information was gathered from the children using a one-on-one computer assisted interview. Data in the areas of reading, math and general knowledge was used to assess the students. In evaluating the teachers, they were interviewed in the fall and in the spring of a particular kindergarten year (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 291-293). There was some concern about the validity of the study because there were some limitations on how the data was gathered from the teachers. There were questions as well as interviews which investigated the teacher’s instructional methods because it captured more of what a teacher’s intentions were as opposed to the teacher’s accomplishments through the year. Experimental Design 4 The authors had a few limitations but if they wanted to use the descriptive method to demonstrate whether or not the quality of a teachers’ instructional method versus the size of the class played a larger part in a kindergartner’s achievement, it was a necessary step (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 296-297). Results The researchers presented very descriptive statistics for all the student levels and class level variables that were used in the analysis. There were descriptive statistics presented for large and small classes. The researchers weighed the statistics at the student level but not at the class levels but they used descriptive statistics for both the original and the mean-imputed variable (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 299-306). Discussion The researchers have offered no evidence that the class size affects reading or math achievements for kindergarten. The major findings were that class size does not affect the achievement of kindergarteners on an average nor does it affect any particular group of students. The researcher’s findings for the class size differ from those of Project STAR (Student Teacher Achievement Ratio). It was not determined whether the same teachers use different instructional methods in classes of different sizes (Milesi & Gamoran, 2006, pp. 299-309). Experimental Design 5 References Mosteller, F. , Light, R. J. & Sachs. J. A. (1996). Sustained injury in education: Lesson from skilled grouping and class size. Harvard Educational Review, 66, 797-842. Retrieved on February 17, 2011 from ERIC. Milesi, C. , Gamoran, A (2006). Effects of Class Size and Instruction on Kindergarten Achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 28:4, 287-313. Retrieved on March 17, 2010 from http://eepa. aera. net.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson Political Philosophies of the 1800s

Two competing political philosophies have always existed throughout the United States’ relatively short history: one seeking to increase the power of the central government, and one seeking to decrease it. During the 1800s these two conflicting philosophies were acted out by the Federalist and the Democratic Republican parties, respectively. The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, advocated the importance of a strong central government in leading the country forward, while the Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, promoted increasing the common man’s role in government. Although both political parties had good intentions for the future of the United States, the Federalist Party was much more effective at uniting the American†¦show more content†¦In contrast, the Democratic Republicans put large amounts of power directly in the hands of the people. Jefferson believed â€Å"in the common sense of mankind in general† and distrusted the centra l government. Democratic Republicans feared the tyranny of an all-powerful national government capable of operating unchecked and unchallenged without the consent of the people. However, their fears were largely unwarranted; the Constitution would not allow for such an oppressive government to exist—even if interpreted loosely—because of the numerous checks and balances put into place by the Founding Fathers. They ensured that the Federal government would always perform the will of the people. However, Jefferson would not compromise and insisted on preaching his outmoded conspiracy theories. Jefferson even went so far as to say, â€Å"Every government degenerates when trusted to the rulers†¦alone. The people themselves are its only safe depositories.† Unfortunately, this apprehensive philosophy did not work very well for the American people at all; it encouraged the development of factions, anShow MoreRelatedEssay Comparing Strict and Broad Constructionism7 55 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Strict and Broad Constructionism It was 1800, when vice president Jefferson succeeded Adams in the role of president. Jefferson stressed republican virtues of independence and equality and his belief in a frugal government. With his inauguration, the transfer of power to the Republican from the Federalists intensified a political conflict between the two political parties. Even though Jefferson stated in his inaugural address that we are all Republicans, we are all FederalistsRead MoreHamiltonian vs Jeffersonian Democracies5550 Words   |  23 PagesAlexander Hamilton, advocated the importance of a strong central government in leading the country forward, while the Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, promoted increasing the common man’s role in government. Although both political parties had good intentions for the future of the United States, the Federalist Party was much more effective at uniting the American people, avoiding domestic faction, and keeping the best interests in mind for the future of the United States. Hamilton saidRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and CultureRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesConsequences of Political Behavior 426 Factors Contributing to Political Behavior 426 †¢ How Do People Respond to Organizational Politics? 429 †¢ Impression Management 430 The Ethics of Behaving Politically 434 Summary and Implications for Managers 435 S A L S A L Self-Assessment Library Is My Workplace Political? 412 glOBalization! Power Distance and Innovation 420 An Ethical Choice Should All Sexual Behavior Be Prohibited at Work? 423 Myth or Science? â€Å"Corporate Political Activity Pays†